Abstract Emergency psychology is a recent area of application for psychology, which means that there is currently no unified consensus on this discipline, its conceptual delimitation, or its field of action. Also not delimited are the curricular itineraries adapted to the European Higher Education Area, in either the health or civil protection structure, in order for emergency psychologists to be able to intervene in crisis situations, emergencies, and disasters. In the present work, we offer a proposal for a system of psychological assistance that contributes to clarifying the work and competences of the different psychological services involved in these situations, in a way that facilitates a coordinated system of action. We intend to generate a professional and academic debate to lead us to reach the necessary consensus to make it possible to consolidate this specific professional profile, as well as to recognize and regulate emergency psychology in order to strengthen it as a discipline of psychology that allows us to offer a professional performance of quality, adapted to current and future challenges.

Resumen La psicología de emergencias es un ámbito de aplicación de la psicología bastante reciente, lo que implica que no haya en la actualidad un consenso unificado sobre esta disciplina, su delimitación conceptual o campo de actuación. Tampoco queda reflejada su incursión en los itinerarios curriculares elaborados en nuestro país a partir del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior, ni en la estructura sanitaria o de protección civil de cara a que los psicólogos de emergencias puedan intervenir en las situaciones de crisis, emergencias o desastres que se producen. Partimos en este trabajo de esta dificultad en la vertebración de este ámbito disciplinar para realizar una propuesta de sistema de asistencia psicológica que contribuya a clarificar la labor y competencias de los distintos servicios psicológicos implicados en estas situaciones de manera que facilite un sistema coordinado de actuación. Pretendemos generar un debate profesional y académico que nos lleve a encontrar el consenso necesario que impulse la consolidación de este específico perfil profesional, así como el reconocimiento y regulación de la Psicología de Emergencias que contribuya a afianzarla como disciplina dentro de la Psicología que permita ofrecer a la sociedad una actuación profesional de calidad y adaptada a los retos actuales y futuros.

Abstract Emergency psychology in Spain has experienced exponential development as a new professional discipline of the psychologist in the last decades. Society has shown a permanent demand for psychologists in mass casualty incidents, disasters, terrorist attacks, traffic accidents, suicides, etc. Consequently, numerous regulations have been developed regarding assistance in these situations which, due to their high impact, could be potentially traumatic. In the present work we present a historical review of the evolution of emergency psychology, the most common symptoms presented as a consequence of these experiences, the impact that these events have had on society, the people affected, and the necessity to provide psychological assistance, both in everyday emergency situations and in major catastrophes. We highlight the importance of emergency psychology regulation to guarantee the training qualification of the psychology professionals who will carry out this activity, as well as their incorporation and integration in the public healthcare system.

Resumen La psicología de emergencias en España ha tenido desde finales de los años noventa hasta la actualidad un desarrollo exponencial como nueva disciplina profesional del psicólogo. La demanda de psicólogos por parte de la sociedad en incidentes con múltiples víctimas, desastres, atentados terroristas, accidentes de tráfico, suicidios, etc., ha sido una constante en estos años. Por ello, se ha desarrollado numerosa normativa en la que se contempla la importancia de prestar esta asistencia a las personas afectadas por situaciones que, por su alto impacto, pueden resultar potencialmente traumáticas. En el presente trabajo, se realiza una revisión histórica de la evolución de la psicología de emergencias, la sintomatología más común presentada como consecuencia de estas vivencias, el impacto que ha supuesto a nuestra sociedad estos acontecimientos en cuanto a personas afectadas y la necesidad de prestar asistencia psicológica tanto en situaciones de emergencia cotidiana como en grandes catástrofes. Todo ello, nos lleva a la conclusión de la importancia de trabajar hacia una regulación de la psicología de emergencias que garantice la cualificación formativa de los profesionales de la psicología que van a ejercer esta actividad, así como su incorporación e integración en el sistema público asistencial.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether quantitative textural features, extracted from pretreatment MRI, can predict sustained complete response to radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: In this IRB-approved study, patients were selected from a maintained six-year database of consecutive patients who underwent both pretreatment MRI imaging with a probable or definitive imaging diagnosis of HCC (LI-RADS 4 or 5) and loco-regional treatment with RFA. An experienced radiologist manually segmented the hepatic nodules in MRI arterial and equilibrium phases to obtain the volume of interest (VOI) for extraction of 107 quantitative textural features, including shape and first- and second-order features. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate associations between textural features and complete response. RESULTS: The study consisted of 34 patients with 51 treated hepatic nodules. Sustained complete response was achieved by 6 patients (4 with single nodule and 2 with multiple nodules). Of the 107 features from the arterial and equilibrium phases, 20 (18%) and 25 (23%) achieved AUC >0.7, respectively. The three best performing features were found in the equilibrium phase: Dependence Non-Uniformity Normalized and Dependence Variance (both GLDM class, with AUC of 0.78 and 0.76, respectively) and Maximum Probability (GLCM class, AUC of 0.76). CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study demonstrates that a radiomic analysis of pre-treatment MRI might be useful in identifying patients with HCC who are most likely to have a sustained complete response to RFA. Second-order features (GLDM and GLCM) extracted from equilibrium phase obtained highest discriminatory performance.

Resumen El cambio climático amenaza a las actividades de pesquerías artesanales y de turismo marino y costero a pequeña escala, poniendo en riesgo a las personas que dependen de estas actividades económicas, particularmente en regiones en vías de desarrollo. Por lo tanto, urge adoptar medidas para asegurar estos medios de vida y conservar los recursos naturales de los cuales dependen. Fundación MarViva eligió asociaciones de base comunitaria dedicadas a la pesca y al turismo en el Golfo de Montijo, Pacífico de Panamá en función de sus niveles de riesgo ante el cambio climático, para apoyar con la implementación de medidas de adaptación. A fin de cuantificar el riesgo, se modeló este concepto para los sectores de pesca y turismo a través de la valoración de tres componentes que al interactuar, generan el riesgo ante el cambio climático - vulnerabilidad, peligro y exposición. El resultado, un índice de riesgo ante el cambio climático a escala de comunidad, proporcionó un criterio objetivo con respecto a la selección de grupos beneficiarios y cimentó las bases del diseño de intervenciones específicas dirigidas a aumentar la resiliencia y a reducir las causas subyacentes del riesgo.

Abstract Climate change threatens artisanal fisheries and small-scale marine and coastal tourism as well as the folks who depend on these activities, particularly in developing regions. Urgency lies in adopting measures to ensure these livelihoods and conserve the natural resources on which they depend. MarViva Foundation selected community-based fishing and tourism associations from the Gulf of Montijo on Panama´s Pacific coast for climate change adaptation measure implementation support based on their degrees of climate change risk. MarViva estimated degrees of risk of the fishing and tourism sectors by modeling three components that upon interacting generate climate change risk - vulnerability, hazard and exposure. The main result, a community-scale climate change risk index, provided an objective criterion for selecting beneficiary groups and laid the groundwork for designing specific interventions aimed at building resilience and reducing climate change risk drivers relevant to the artisanal fishing and small-scale tourism sectors in the Golf of Montijo.

RESUMO De acordo com a Lei Arouca (Lei n° 11.794 – 2008), que estabelece critérios para “a criação e a utilização de animais em atividades de ensino e pesquisa científica, em todo o território nacional”, tem-se que, “sempre que possível, as práticas de ensino deverão ser fotografadas, filmadas ou gravadas, de forma a permitir sua reprodução para ilustração de práticas futuras, evitando-se a repetição desnecessária de procedimentos didáticos com animais”. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar o desenvolvimento de um software (Pharmasoftware®) como método alternativo de ensino em Farmacologia no curso de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Campus Sobral. Para a certificação, foram utilizados dois grupos de alunos, um em aula prática convencional e outro com o Pharmasoftware®. A análise dos resultados revelou que ambas as atividades foram igualmente eficazes em auxiliar na consolidação do tema Vias de Administração dos Fármacos, evidenciando, assim, o Pharmasoftware® como uma ferramenta capaz de auxiliar no ensino da Farmacologia e, ainda, de fomentar a implantação de outros métodos alternativos de ensino de Farmacologia nas Instituições de Ensino Superior.

ABSTRACT The Brazilian Law on scientific and teaching use of animals, Arouca’s Law (n° 11.794 – 2008), clearly states that animals should not be used if an alternative method is available. The aim of this study was to describe the development of a software (Pharmasoftware®) as an alternative method of teaching in pharmacology at a Medical School (Federal University of Ceara, Campus Sobral). To support the development and validation of the Pharmasoftware® as an alternative method, students were allocated into two groups: one attending a conventional practical class and the other employing Pharmasoftware®. The results showed that two activities were equally effective in improving the students’ knowledge of drug administration. Pharmasoftware® may therefore represent a tool capable of supporting pharmacology teaching and it also fostering the establishment of alternative methods for teaching Pharmacology in the undergraduate courses.

RESUMO De acordo com a Lei Arouca (Lei n° 11.794 – 2008), que estabelece critérios para “a criação e a utilização de animais em atividades de ensino e pesquisa científica, em todo o território nacional”, tem-se que, “sempre que possível, as práticas de ensino deverão ser fotografadas, filmadas ou gravadas, de forma a permitir sua reprodução para ilustração de práticas futuras, evitando-se a repetição desnecessária de procedimentos didáticos com animais”. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar o desenvolvimento de um software (Pharmasoftware®) como método alternativo de ensino em Farmacologia no curso de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Campus Sobral. Para a certificação, foram utilizados dois grupos de alunos, um em aula prática convencional e outro com o Pharmasoftware®. A análise dos resultados revelou que ambas as atividades foram igualmente eficazes em auxiliar na consolidação do tema Vias de Administração dos Fármacos, evidenciando, assim, o Pharmasoftware® como uma ferramenta capaz de auxiliar no ensino da Farmacologia e, ainda, de fomentar a implantação de outros métodos alternativos de ensino de Farmacologia nas Instituições de Ensino Superior.

ABSTRACT The Brazilian Law on scientific and teaching use of animals, Arouca’s Law (n° 11.794 – 2008), clearly states that animals should not be used if an alternative method is available. The aim of this study was to describe the development of a software (Pharmasoftware®) as an alternative method of teaching in pharmacology at a Medical School (Federal University of Ceara, Campus Sobral). To support the development and validation of the Pharmasoftware® as an alternative method, students were allocated into two groups: one attending a conventional practical class and the other employing Pharmasoftware®. The results showed that two activities were equally effective in improving the students’ knowledge of drug administration. Pharmasoftware® may therefore represent a tool capable of supporting pharmacology teaching and it also fostering the establishment of alternative methods for teaching Pharmacology in the undergraduate courses.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar tendinopatia do músculo peitoral maior em praticantes de levantamento de peso utilizando ultrassonografia e elastografia. Métodos Participaram do estudo 20 sujeitos, sendo 10 com ruptura do tendão do músculo peitoral maior e 10 como controles. Avaliou-se o tendão músculo peitoral maior contralateral por meio de exames ultrassonográficos e elastografia. O aparelho de ultrassonografia utilizado era de alta resolução, e a avaliação foi realizada no modo B. A avaliação por elastografia foi classificada em três padrões, a saber: (A) se endurecido (mais de 50% de área com coloração azul); (B), se intermediário (mais de 50% verde); e (C), se amolecido (mais de 50% vermelho). Resultados A média de idade da amostra foi 33±5,3 anos. Foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significante (p=0,0055) quanto à presença de tendinopatia avaliada pela ultrassonografia, pois 80% dos casos apresentaram tendinopatia músculo peitoral maior versus 10% nos pacientes controles. Não foram encontradas diferenças significantes entre os grupos quanto à presença de alteração na elastografia (p=0,1409). Conclusão Os pacientes praticantes de musculação de longa data apresentaram imagem à ultrassonografia com maior tendinopatia em relação aos controles, e não foi obtida significância estatística quanto à elastografia em relação aos controles.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate tendinopathy of the pectoralis major muscle in weightlifting athletes using ultrasound and elastography. Methods This study included 20 patients, 10 with rupture of the pectoralis major muscle and 10 control patients. We evaluated pectoralis major muscle contralateral tendon with ultrasonographic and elastography examinations. The ultrasonographic examinations were performed using a high-resolution B mode ultrasound device. The elastography evaluation was classified into three patterns: (A), if stiff (more than 50% area with blue staining); (B), if intermediate (more than 50% green); and (C), if softened (more than 50% red). Results Patients’ mean age was 33±5.3 years. The presence of tendinous injury measured by ultrasound had a significant different (p=0.0055), because 80% of cases had tendinous injury versus 10% in the Control Group. No significant differences were seen between groups related with change in elastography (p=0.1409). Conclusion Long-term bodybuilders had ultrasound image with more tendinous injury than those in Control Group. There was no statistical significance regarding change in tendon elasticity compared with Control Group.

Introduction: The anthropometric profile, specifically body composition, plays a crucial role in the physical performance of volleyballers. Since there are varying positions in volleyball, it is likely that differences exist in anthropometric and physical performance profiles among players due each role’s specific physical requirements. Objectives: The aims of this study were to analyze the anthropometric and physical performance profiles of elite female volleyballers, to determine any differences in these features among different playing positions. A further aim was to examine any relationship between anthropometric measures and measures of performance. Methods: This study assessed 42 female professional volleyball players (Age: 27.2±5.4 years). Players were categorized according to playing position: middle blockers (n=12), opposite hitters (n=6), outside hitters (n=12), setters (n=8), and liberos (n=4). Anthropometric measurements assessed were: height, weight, fat mass (5 skin-folds) musculoskeletal mass (5 corrected girths). Additionally, the physical performance parameters examined were: jump tests (vertical-jump and spike-jump), speed, agility, and strength tests (crunches test and overhead medicine ball throw). Results: In terms of height middle blockers were the tallest (186.5±1.4 cm), while liberos were the shortest (166.7±8.1 cm). There were significant differences in body mass among positions (p<0.05) with opposite hitters the heaviest (73.6±5.5 kg), and liberos the lightest (58.2±5.7 kg). Liberos displayed significantly lower (p<0.05) chest, mid-thigh, calf and waist girths and musculoskeletal mass any other position. For skinfolds (fat mass) the significant differences were as follows: liberos < setters for abdominal, setters < middle blockers for calf and opposite hitters < setters for mid-thigh. Finally, significant positive correlations (p<0.05) were found between the jump tests and the mid-thigh and calf corrected girth. Conclusion: These findings suggest that height offers a performance advantage for middle blockers, whereas lower body mass, especially a lower fat mass, seems to be advantageous for setters and liberos. Additionally, high musculoskeletal mass together with an appropriate fat mass are advantageous for opposite and outside hitters.

Introducción: La composición corporal (CC) desempeña un papel crucial en el rendimiento físico del voleibol. Debido a la existencia de diferentes posiciones de juego, es probable que existan diferencias en los perfiles antropométricos y fisiológicos de los jugadores por las funciones específicas de cada posición. Objetivos: Los objetivos de este estudio fueron analizar el perfil antropométrico, la composición corporal y el rendimiento físico de jugadoras de voleibol de élite y para determinar las diferencias en estas características entre las diferentes posiciones de juego. Otro objetivo fue examinar la relación entre las medidas antropométricas y el rendimiento físico. Métodos: Este estudio evaluó 42 jugadoras de voleibol profesional (Edad: 27,2±5,4 años). Las jugadoras fueron clasificadas de acuerdo a su posición de juego: centrales (n=12), opuestas (n=6), receptoras (n=12), colocado-ras (n=8) y líberos (n=4). Las medidas antropométricas evaluadas fueron: altura, peso, masa grasa (5 pliegues cutáneos) y masa musculo-esquelética (5 perímetros corregidos). Además, diferentes parámetros de rendimiento físico fueron examinados: test de salto (salto vertical, potencia de salto), velocidad, agilidad y fuerza (abdominales y lanzamiento de balón medicinal). Resultados: En cuanto a la altura, las centrales fueron las más altas (186,5±1,4 cm), mientras que las líbe-ros las más bajas (166,7±8,1 cm). Hubo diferencias significativas en la peso entre las diferentes posiciones (p <0,05) con las opuestas como las más pesadas (73,6±5,5 kg), y líberos las que menos (58,2±5,7 kg). Las líberos mostraron (p<0,05) un perímetro corregido de pecho, muslo medio, pantorrilla y cintura, así como de masa musculo-esquelética significativamente menor que cualquier otra posición. En cuanto a los pliegues cutáneos (masa grasa) se observaron las siguientes diferencias significativas: líberos < colocadoras para el abdominal, colocadoras < centrales para la pantorrilla y las opuestas < colocadoras en el muslo medio. Finalmente, hubo correlaciones positivas significativas (p<0,05) entre las pruebas de salto y los perímetros corregidos de muslo medio y de pantorrilla. Conclusión: Estos hallazgos sugieren que la altura ofrece una ventaja de rendimiento para las centrales, mientras que una masa corporal más baja, especialmente una menor masa grasa, parece ser una ventaja para las colocadoras y líberos, mientras que una alta masa musculo-esquelética, junto a una adecuada masa grasa es una ventaja para las opuestas y receptoras.

The aim of the present research was to analyze the body composition (BC) and the differences in BC among different playing position in professional basketball, handball and futsal players. BC was assessed in 70 professional indoor team sport players. Players were divided in 4 groups depending on the playing position: group 1, point guard, center/wings and defense; group 2, shooting guard/small forward, handed and midfielder; group 3, power forward/center, pivot and forward; and group 4 goalkeeper. Significant differences between playing positions in basketball in body mass (BM), height, proteins, minerals and arms, legs and trunk BM were found. In handball, significant differences between center/wings and pivot in BM and muscle mass, and between goalkeepers and handed in percentage of fat were measured. Significant differences were also found in BM of each playing position groups in the three sports and in arms and legs BM in groups 1 and 2, and trunk BM and height in group 2. Group 3 presented significant differences between futsal and basketball in skeletal muscle mass and trunk BM, and between basketball and handball in left leg BM and total BM. In group 4 significant differences in BM, height and trunk and leg BM between futsal and handball were found. BC in indoor team sports depend on the playing position and the sport discipline, the BC being result of the specific game actions of each playing position.

El objetivo fue analizar la composición corporal (CC) y sus diferencias entre demarcaciones en jugadores profesionales de baloncesto, balonmano y fútbol sala. Se analizó la CC en 70 jugadores profesionales de equipos divididos en 4 grupos en función de su demarcación: grupo 1, bases, cierres, o centrales/extremos; grupo 2, escoltas/aleros, alas o laterales; grupo 3: ala pívot/pívot, pívot y pivote; y grupo 4: porteros. Existen diferencias significativas entre las diversas demarcaciones en baloncesto en el peso, la talla, las proteínas y minerales y en el peso de brazos, piernas y tronco. En balonmano, existen diferencias significativas entre los centrales /extremos y los pívot en el peso y la masa muscular, y entre los laterales y los porteros en el porcentaje graso. También se encontraron diferencias en el peso entre las diferentes posiciones entre los tres deportes y en el peso de brazos, piernas y tronco entre los grupos 1 y 2, y en el peso del tronco y la talla en el grupo 2. El grupo 3 presenta diferencias significativas entre fútbol sala y baloncesto en masa muscular y peso del tronco y entre baloncesto y balonmano en el peso de la pierna izquierda y el peso. En el grupo 4 existen diferencias en el peso, la altura y el peso de tronco y pernas entre fútbol sala y balonmano. La CC en los deportes de equipo estudiados depende de la posición y del deporte practicado, modificándose la CC en función de las acciones específicas del juego en cada demarcación.

Current armed conflicts are asymmetrical and are developed m urban areas. These new requirements have not been studied for current literature. The aim of this study was to analyse changes in cortical arousal, blood lactate, muscle strength, autonomic modulation and rate of perceived exertion in a simulated urban combat. We analyzed 20 soldiers before and after an urban combat simulation. The results showed how urban combat produced high sympathetic nervous system activation, increasing the muscle strength, heart rate and blood lactate concentration of the soldiers. Despite this effort, rate of perceived exertion were not consistent with the physiological response that soldiers presented, the rate of perceived exertion was lower than the physiological response evaluated. Furthermore, the information processing and cortical arousal decreased after the urban combat simulation. These results have showed the psycho-physiological response of soldiers in combat, helping to better understanding and enabling an improvement of current training methods of soldiers.

Los actuales conflictos armados son asimétricos y se caracterizan por desarrollarse en zonas urbanas. Estos nuevos requerimientos del combate han sido podo estudiados por la literatura actual. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los cambios en la activación cortical, lactato sanguíneo, fuerza muscular, modulación autonómica y percepción subjetiva de esfuerzo en una simulación de combate urbano. Se analizaron 20 soldados antes y después de la simulación de combate. Los resultados muestran como en este tipo de combates se produce una alta estimulación del sistema nervioso simpático, que produce un aumento de la fuerza muscular, la frecuencia cardiaca y la concentración sanguínea de lactato de los combatientes. A pesar de ello, la percepción subjetiva de esfuerzo de los combatientes no es acorde a la respuesta fisiológica que presentaron, siendo esta percepción subjetiva de esfuerzo inferior a la respuesta fisiológica evaluada. Además el procesamiento de la información y la activación cortical disminuyen después de realizar las tres simulaciones de combate. Estos resultados ponen de manifiesto la respuesta psico-fisiológica de los combatientes durante el combate, ayudando así a su mejor comprensión y posibilitando una mejora de los actuales métodos de entrenamiento de los combatientes.

A sífilis incide em 2,1% na população sexualmente ativa no Brasil, e em 30% dos casos não-tratados evolui para a forma terciária. Relatamos um caso de paciente com angina progressiva, com evidência de obstrução coronária biostial e insuficiência valvar aórtica acentuada à coronariografia. O paciente foi submetido a revascularização cirúrgica do miocárdio, associada a troca valvar aórtica. Em decorrência da suspeita de sífilis nos achados do intraoperatório (acúmulo de material caseoso na aorta e calcificação envolvendo os óstios coronários), foram solicitados os testes VDRL e FTA-Abs, que se revelaram positivos. O paciente recebeu alta, com a prescrição de penicilina G benzatina (2,4 milhões de unidades, uma vez por semana, por 3 semanas).

Syphilis has an incidence of 2.1% in the sexually active population in Brazil and evolves into its tertiary form in 30% of the non-treated cases. This is a case of a patient with progressive angina, evidence of biostial coronary obstruction and severe aortic valve insufficiency at coronary angiography. Patient was submitted to coronary artery bypass grafting, associated to aortic valve replacement. Because of the suspicion of syphilis in the intraoperatory findings (accumulation of caseous material in the aorta and calcification involving the coronary ostia), VDRL and FTA-Abs tests were required and results were positive. Patient was discharged and was prescribed Penicillin G Benzathine (2.4 million units, once a week, for 3 weeks).

Background: Gender is a structural health determinant. This study analyses the changes in gender development inequalities in Spain and its regions (1980-2005). Methods: Ecological study of the evolution of Gender Development Index and its components (Education, Income, Life Expectancy at Birth) by sex in Spain and its regions (1980-2005). Information Source: Gender Development Index (1980-2005) from the Human Capital Report, plus construction ad hoc of the Gender Development Index 2005 following the same methodology of Human Capital Report. Information sources: National Statistics Institute, Active Population Survey, Municipal Register, Ministry of Education, Universities Council, EUROSTAT, and Wage Structure Survey. Results: Spanish Gender Development Index 2005:0,903 and 1980:0,810. The range between regions under Spanish Gender Development Index was 3 times higher in 1980 (DifferenceC.Valenciana-Extremadura:0,068) than in 2005 (DifferenceAsturias-Extremadura:0,023). The regions above the Spanish Gender Development Index did not vary much. The three components (Education, Income, Life Expectancy at Birth) of the Gender Development Index improved from 1980 to 2005. The Spanish Education Index of men was higher than this value in women until 1985; later this index becomes higher in women than in men. The Spanish Income Index of women in 2005 (0,814) is inferior to that of men 25 years before (1980:0,867). Conclusions: Despite the improvement of the gender development happened in Spain between 1980 and 2005, the inter-regional inequalities between north-south persist. In 2005, women have more education level than men. However, the Spanish income media in women in 2005 are inferior to the media of the men in 1980.

Fundamento: El género es un determinante estructural de la salud. El objetivo del trabajo es analizar los cambios en las desigualdades del desarrollo de género en España y Comunidades Autónomas (1980-2005). Métodos: Estudio ecológico sobre evolución del Índice de Desarrollo de Género y sus componentes (educación, ingresos y esperanza de vida al nacer) por sexo en España y CC.AA (1980 a 2005). Fuente de información: Índice Desarrollo de Género (1980 a 2000). Y cálculo del Índice de Desarrollo de Género 2005 según metodología del Informe de Capital Humano. Fuentes: Instituto Nacional Estadística, Encuesta Población Activa, Padrón municipal, Ministerio Educación, Consejo Universidades, EUROSTAT, y Encuesta Estructura Salarial. Resultados: El Índice de Desarrollo de Género de España mejoró (valor2005:0,903-valor1980:0,810). La amplitud del rango entre Comunidades Autónomas bajo el Índice de Desarrollo de Género global de España era el triple en 1980 (DiferenciaC.Valenciana-Extremadura:0,068) que en 2005 (DiferenciaAsturias-Extrmadura:0,023). Las Comunidades Autónomas sobre el Índice de Desarrollo de Género global de España apenas variaron entre ellas. Los 3 componentes del Índice de Desarrollo de Género mejoraron. Destaca, Índice educación: los valores de los hombres superan a los de las mujeres en los primeros años, tornándose más altos para estas a partir de 1985, e Índice ingresos: el valor global de las mujeres en España en 2005 (0,814) es inferior al de los hombres 25 años antes (1980:0,867). Conclusiones: Las diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en los valores de los componentes del Índice de Desarrollo de Género se redujeron entre 1980-2005. Pese a la mejoría del desarrollo de género en España persisten las desigualdades interregionales norte-sur.

Background: Gender is a structural health determinant. This study analyses the changes in gender development inequalities in Spain and its regions (1980-2005). Methods: Ecological study of the evolution of Gender Development Index and its components (Education, Income, Life Expectancy at Birth) by sex in Spain and its regions (1980-2005). Information Source: Gender Development Index (1980-2005) from the Human Capital Report, plus construction ad hoc of the Gender Development Index 2005 following the same methodology of Human Capital Report. Information sources: National Statistics Institute, Active Population Survey, Municipal Register, Ministry of Education, Universities Council, EUROSTAT, and Wage Structure Survey. Results: Spanish Gender Development Index 2005:0,903 and 1980:0,810. The range between regions under Spanish Gender Development Index was 3 times higher in 1980 (DifferenceC.Valenciana-Extremadura:0,068) than in 2005 (DifferenceAsturias-Extremadura:0,023). The regions above the Spanish Gender Development Index did not vary much. The three components (Education, Income, Life Expectancy at Birth) of the Gender Development Index improved from 1980 to 2005. The Spanish Education Index of men was higher than this value in women until 1985; later this index becomes higher in women than in men. The Spanish Income Index of women in 2005 (0,814) is inferior to that of men 25 years before (1980:0,867). Conclusions: Despite the improvement of the gender development happened in Spain between 1980 and 2005, the inter-regional inequalities between north-south persist. In 2005, women have more education level than men. However, the Spanish income media in women in 2005 are inferior to the media of the men in 1980.

Fundamento: El género es un determinante estructural de la salud. El objetivo del trabajo es analizar los cambios en las desigualdades del desarrollo de género en España y Comunidades Autónomas (1980-2005). Métodos: Estudio ecológico sobre evolución del Índice de Desarrollo de Género y sus componentes (educación, ingresos y esperanza de vida al nacer) por sexo en España y CC.AA (1980 a 2005). Fuente de información: Índice Desarrollo de Género (1980 a 2000). Y cálculo del Índice de Desarrollo de Género 2005 según metodología del Informe de Capital Humano. Fuentes: Instituto Nacional Estadística, Encuesta Población Activa, Padrón municipal, Ministerio Educación, Consejo Universidades, EUROSTAT, y Encuesta Estructura Salarial. Resultados: El Índice de Desarrollo de Género de España mejoró (valor2005:0,903-valor1980:0,810). La amplitud del rango entre Comunidades Autónomas bajo el Índice de Desarrollo de Género global de España era el triple en 1980 (DiferenciaC.Valenciana-Extremadura:0,068) que en 2005 (DiferenciaAsturias-Extrmadura:0,023). Las Comunidades Autónomas sobre el Índice de Desarrollo de Género global de España apenas variaron entre ellas. Los 3 componentes del Índice de Desarrollo de Género mejoraron. Destaca, Índice educación: los valores de los hombres superan a los de las mujeres en los primeros años, tornándose más altos para estas a partir de 1985, e Índice ingresos: el valor global de las mujeres en España en 2005 (0,814) es inferior al de los hombres 25 años antes (1980:0,867). Conclusiones: Las diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en los valores de los componentes del Índice de Desarrollo de Género se redujeron entre 1980-2005. Pese a la mejoría del desarrollo de género en España persisten las desigualdades interregionales norte-sur.

Mudanças de uso da terra e práticas de manejo modificam a dinâmica do C e a fertilidade do solo. Este estudo avaliou as implicações dos sistemas de cultivo (NT e CT) nos estoques de C e de nutrientes e identificou inter-relações entre estes estoques e outros atributos da fertilidade do solo em Latossolo após a mudança do uso da terra no cerrado amazônico. Os estoques de C e de nutrientes (P, K, Ca e Mg) ajustados pela massa equivalente do solo sob cerrado (CE), foram maiores principalmente sob NT. Após a adoção do NT, exceto em 2NT, os estoques de C foram maiores em relação às demais áreas avaliadas. Correlações entre estoques de C e de nutrientes revelaram algumas correlações positivas com Ca e Mg nas áreas sob NT, devido ao uso continuo de calcário, à maior quantidade de resíduos culturais e ao não revolvimento do solo, associado à correlações positivas com CTC, saturação por bases e pH. A correlação positiva (r = 0,91, p < 0,05) entre estoques de C e CTC em CE indica a importante contribuição da MOS na CTC de solos tropicais, embora os sítios de troca estejam ocupados principalmente por H + Al. Estoques de P e K mostraram correlações positivas com estoques de C em CE (0,81 e 0,82; respectivamente), indicando a alta relação de P e K com a MOS em ecossistemas naturais. A alta variabilidade espacial associada à aplicação de fertilizantes (P e K) no sulco de plantio pode ter mascarado os resultados dos estoques. A principal fonte destes nutrientes para o solo foi o fertilizante aplicado e não a MOS.

Land use change and land management practices can modify soil carbon (C) dynamics and soil fertility. This study evaluated the effect of tillage systems (no-tillage - NT and conventional tillage - CT) on soil C and nutrient stocks in an Oxisol from an Amazonian cerrado following land use change. The study also identified relationships between these stocks and other soil attributes. Carbon, P, K, Ca and Mg stocks, adjusted to the equivalent soil mass in the cerrado (CE), were higher under NT. After adoption of all but one of the NT treatments, C stocks were higher than they were in the other areas we considered. Correlations between C and nutrient stocks showed positive correlations with Ca and Mg under NT due to continuous liming, higher crop residue inputs and lack of soil disturbance, associated with positive correlations with cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation and pH. The positive correlation (r = 0.91, p < 0.05) between C stocks and CEC in the CE indicates the important contribution of soil organic matter (SOM) to CEC in tropical soils, although the exchange sites are - under natural conditions - mainly occupied by H and Al. Phosphorus and K stocks showed positive correlations (0.81 and 0.82, respectively) with C stocks in the CE, indicating the direct relationship of P and K with SOM in natural ecosystems. The high spatial variability of P and K fertilizer application may be obscuring these soil nutrient stocks. In this study, the main source of P and K was fertilizer rather than SOM.